The American Federation of Musicians The American Federation of Musicians is a labor union of professional musicians in the United States and Canada defines arranging as "the art of preparing and adapting an already written composition for presentation in other than its original form. An arrangement may include reharmonization, paraphrasing, and/or development of a composition, so that it fully represents the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic structure" (Corozine 2002, p. 3). Orchestration differs in that it is only adapting music for an orchestra An orchestra is a sizable instrumental ensemble that contains sections of string, brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. The term orchestra derives from the Greek ορχήστρα, the name for the area in front of an ancient Greek stage reserved for the Greek chorus. The orchestra grew by accretion throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth or musical ensemble A musical ensemble is a group of two or more musicians who perform instrumental or vocal music. In each musical style different norms have developed for the sizes and composition of different ensembles, and for the repertoire of songs or musical works that these ensembles perform while arranging "involves adding compositional techniques, such as new thematic material for introductions, transitions, or modulations In music, modulation is most commonly the act or process of changing from one key to another. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature. Modulations articulate or create the structure or form of many pieces, as well as add interest. Treatment of a chord as the tonic for less than a phrase is considered tonicization, and endings...Arranging is the art of giving an existing melody musical variety" (ibid).
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Classical music
Arrangements and transcriptions of classical and serious music go back to the early history of this genre. In particular music written for the piano frequently underwent this treatment.[citation needed] The suite of ten piano pieces Pictures at an Exhibition Pictures at an Exhibition is a famous suite in ten movements composed for piano by Modest Mussorgsky in 1874 by Modest Mussorgsky Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (March 21 [O.S. March 9], 1839 – March 28 [O.S. March 16], 1881), one of the Russian composers known as the Five, was an innovator of Russian music in the romantic period. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music, has been arranged over twenty times, perhaps the most famous and notable being that of Maurice Ravel Joseph-Maurice Ravel was a French composer of Impressionist music known especially for his melodies, orchestral and instrumental textures and effects. Much of his piano music, chamber music, vocal music and orchestral music has entered the standard concert repertoire.[citation needed]
Due to a poor grasp of the ability to do so himself, the American composer George Gershwin George Gershwin was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin's compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known had his Rhapsody in Blue Rhapsody in Blue is a musical composition by George Gershwin for solo piano and jazz band written in 1924, which combines elements of classical music with jazz-influenced effects. The composition was orchestrated by Ferde Grofé three times, in 1924, in 1926, and finally in 1942. The piece received its premiere in a concert entitled An Experiment orchestrated and arranged by Ferde Grofé.[1]
Popular music
Arrangers in pop music recordings often add parts for orchestral or band instruments involving new material such that the arrangers may reasonably be considered co-composers, although for copyright and royalty purposes usually are not.[citation needed] Rhythm section parts are usually improvised or otherwise invented by the performers themselves using chord symbols or a lead sheet as a guide.[citation needed] (Rhythm section instruments usually include guitars, bass guitars, string basses, piano and other keyboard instruments, and drums.)
An existing pop song can be re-recorded with a different arrangement to the original. As well as different instruments, the tempo In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. It is a crucial element of composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece, time signature The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are in each measure and which note value constitutes one beat and key signature In musical notation, a key signature is a series of sharp or flat symbols placed on the staff, designating notes that are to be consistently played one semitone higher or lower than the equivalent natural notes unless otherwise altered with an accidental. Key signatures are generally written immediately after the clef at the beginning of a line of may be altered, sometimes drastically so. The end result is a song that retains familiar phrases and lyrics, but offers something new.[citation needed] This practice was particularly popular in the late 1960s. Well known examples of this include Joe Cocker John Robert "Joe" Cocker, OBE is an English rock/blues musician, composer and actor who came to popularity in the 1960s, and is most known for his gritty voice, his idiosyncratic arm movements while performing, and his cover versions of popular songs, particularly those of The Beatles. He is the recipient of several awards, including a 19's version of The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. From 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon , Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). Rooted in skiffle' With a Little Help from My Friends "With a Little Help from My Friends" is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, released on The Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967. The song was written for and sung by Beatles drummer Ringo Starr as the character "Billy Shears"; it is ranked #304 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest, and Ike And Tina Turner Ike Wister Turner was an American musician, bandleader, talent scout, and record producer. Considered to be one of the fathers of rock and roll, his first recording, "Rocket 88" by "Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats," in 1951, is considered by some to be the "first rock and roll song" ever. However, he is best known's version of Creedence Clearwater Revival Creedence Clearwater Revival was an American rock band that gained popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s with a number of successful singles drawn from various albums's Proud Mary "Proud Mary", often erroneously called "Rollin' on the River", is a song written by American singer and guitarist John Fogerty. It was first recorded by rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival on the 1969 album Bayou Country. Released as a single in January 1969, it became the band’s first top-ten hit on the U.S. Pop chart,. The American group Vanilla Fudge and British group Yes Yes are an English progressive rock band formed in London in 1968, generally regarded as one of the archetypal bands and pioneers of the genre. Despite many lineup changes, occasional splits within the group and the ever-changing trends in popular music, the band has continued for over forty years and still retains a large following based their early careers on radical re-arrangements of contemporary hits.[citation needed]
Some remixes A remix is an alternative version of a song, made from an original version. This term is also used for any alterations of media other than song, particularly in dance music This article is about dance music in general. You may also be looking for electronic dance music or dance-pop, can also be considered re-arrangements in this style.[citation needed]
Jazz
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In jazz an unscored collaborative arrangement is called a "head arrangement" (Randel 2002, p. 294; it is in the head of the musician(s)). Big bands such as those of Duke Ellington, Bennie Moten, and Count Basie performed head arrangements (ibid).
Arrangements for small jazz combos are usually informal, minimal, and uncredited. This was particularly so for combos in the bebop Bebop or bop is a style of jazz characterized by fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity and improvisation based on the combination of harmonic structure and melody. It was developed in the early and mid-1940s. It first surfaced in musicians' argot some time during the first two years of American involvement in the Second World War. This style of jazz era. In general, the larger the ensemble, the greater the need for a formal arrangement, although the early Count Basie William "Count" Basie was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. Basie led his jazz orchestra almost continuously for nearly 50 years. Many notable musicians came to prominence under his direction, including tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans, trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry "Sweets" big band The big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with jazz, a style of music which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Big bands evolved with the times and continue to today. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, singers , and was famous for its head arrangements, so called because they were worked out by the players themselves, memorized immediately and never written down. Most arrangements for large ensembles, big bands, in the swing Swing music, also known as swing jazz or simply swing, is a form of jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and became a distinctive style by 1935 in the United States. Swing uses a strong rhythm section of double bass and drums as the anchor for a lead section of brass instruments such as trumpets and trombones, woodwinds including era, were written down, however, and credited to a specific arranger, as were later arrangements for the Count Basie big band by Sammy Nestico Samuel "Sammy" Lewis Nestico is a prolific and well known composer and arranger of big band music. Nestico is most known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra and Neal Hefti Neal Hefti was an American jazz trumpeter, composer, tune writer, and arranger. He was perhaps best known for composing the theme music for the Batman television series of the 1960s, and for scoring the 1968 film The Odd Couple and the subsequent TV series of the same name. Don Redman made significant innovations in the pattern of arrangement in Fletcher Henderson Fletcher Hamilton Henderson, Jr. was an American pianist, bandleader, arranger and composer, important in the development of big band jazz and swing music. He was often known as "Smack" Henderson's orchestra in the 1920s. He introduced the pattern of arranging melodies in the body of arrangements and arranging section performances of the big band. Billy Strayhorn was an arranger of great renown in the Duke Ellington Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and big band leader orchestra beginning in 1938.
Jelly Roll Morton Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton was an American ragtime and early jazz pianist, bandleader and composer is considered the earliest jazz arranger, writing down the parts when he was touring about 1912-1915 so that pick-up bands could play his compositions. Big band arrangements are informally called charts. In the swing era they were usually either arrangements of popular songs or they were entirely new compositions. Duke Ellington Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and big band leader's and Billy Strayhorn's arrangements for the Duke Ellington big band were usually new compositions, and some of Eddie Sauter's arrangements for the Benny Goodman Benjamin David “Benny” Goodman was an American jazz musician, clarinetist and bandleader, known as "King of Swing", "Patriarch of the Clarinet", "The Professor", and "Swing's Senior Statesman" band and Artie Shaw Arthur Jacob Arshawsky , better known as Artie Shaw, was an American jazz clarinetist, composer, and bandleader. He is also the author of both fiction and non-fiction writings's arrangements for his own band were new compositions as well. It became more common to arrange sketchy jazz combo compositions for big band after the bop era.
After 1950, the big band trend declined in number. However, several bands continued and arrangers provided renowned arrangements. Gil Evans Gil Evans was a jazz pianist, arranger, composer, and bandleader, active in the United States. He played a seminal role in the development of cool jazz, modal jazz, free jazz and jazz-rock, and collaborated extensively with Miles Davis wrote a number of large-ensemble arrangements in the late fifties and early sixties intended for recording sessions only. Other arrangers of note include Vic Schoen, Pete Rugolo, Oliver Nelson Oliver Edward Nelson was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, arranger and composer, Johnny Richards, Billy May William E. May, better known as Billy May was an American composer, arranger and musician. He died of heart failure at the age of 87 in his home in San Juan Capistrano, California. His major recordings during the Big Band era were "Measure for Measure", "Long Tall Mama", and "Boom Shot", with Glenn Miller and His, Thad Jones, Maria Schneider, Bob Brookmeyer, Steve Sample, Sr, Lou Marini, Nelson Riddle Nelson Smock Riddle, Jr. was an American arranger, composer, bandleader and orchestrator whose career spanned from the late 1940s to the mid 1980s. It was his signature sound and iconic arrangements that defined a generation and his work for Capitol Records kept such vocalists as Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, Judy, Ralph Burns, Billy Byers, Gordon Jenkins Gordon Hill Jenkins was an American arranger, composer and pianist who was an influential figure in popular music in the 1940s and 1950s, renowned for his lush string arrangements. Jenkins worked with the Andrews Sisters, The Weavers, Frank Sinatra, Louis Armstrong, Judy Garland, Nat King Cole and Ella Fitzgerald, among other singers, Ray Conniff Joseph Raymond Conniff was an American bandleader and arranger. He was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, and learned to play the trombone from his father. He studied music arranging from a course book, Henry Mancini Henry Mancini was an American composer, conductor and arranger, best remembered for his film and television scores. He won a record number of Grammy Awards (20), including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. His best-known works are the jazz-idiom theme to The Pink Panther film series ("The Pink Panther Theme"), the Peter Gunn, Gil Evans Gil Evans was a jazz pianist, arranger, composer, and bandleader, active in the United States. He played a seminal role in the development of cool jazz, modal jazz, free jazz and jazz-rock, and collaborated extensively with Miles Davis, Gordon Goodwin, and Ray Reach.
| Name | Author |
|---|---|
| Inside the score: A detailed analysis of 8 classic jazz ensemble charts by Sammy Nestico, Thad Jones and Bob Brookmeyer | Rayburn Wright |
| Sounds and Scores : A Practical Guide to Professional Orchestration | Henry Mancini |
| Arranged by Nelson Riddle | Nelson Riddle |
See also
- Transcription (music)
- Orchestration Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra or of adapting for orchestra music composed for another medium. It only gradually over the course of music history came to be regarded as a compositional art in itself
- Musical Notation Music notation or musical notation is any system which represents aurally perceived music, through the use of written symbols
- American Society of Music Arrangers and Composers (ASMAC)
- List of music arrangers
- Category:Music arrangers
Notes
- ^ Greenberg, Rodney: George Gershwin, page 66. Phaidon Press, 1998. ISBN 0-7148-3504-8.
Sources
- Corozine, Vince (2002). Arranging Music for the Real World: Classical and Commercial Aspects. Pacific, MO: Mel Bay. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 0-7866-4961-5. OCLC OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. is "a nonprofit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world’s information and reducing information costs". It was incorporated on July 6, 1967 as the not-for-profit Ohio College Library Center. More than 72,00 50470629.
- Randel, Don Michael (2002). The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. ISBN 0674009789.
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Categories: Musical terminology
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Q. How many ways can 6 different books be arranged on a shelf if one of the books is a novel that must be on the end?
Asked by britcali - Mon Dec 14 00:50:44 2009 - - 6 Answers - 0 Comments
A. if the novel didn't have to be at the end it would be 6!, but since the novel is "fixed" it's 5! = 5*4*3*2*1 = 120 ways
Answered by Hitler, Where Art Thou? - Mon Dec 14 00:54:44 2009
